The Palaeoanthropological Bridge Between Chemistry and Culture." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 373. doi:10.1098/rstb.2018.0212.
Pfeiffer, Burkard, and Frieder Mayer. 2013. "Spermatogenesis, Sperm Storage and Reproductive Timing in Bats." Journal of Zoology 289:77–85.
Phillips, R. 2020. "Schrodinger's 'What is Life?' at 75: Back to the Future." Manuscript.
Pierpont, W. S. 1999. "Norman Wingate Pirie: 1 July 1907–29 March 1997." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 45:399–415.
Pirie, Norman W. 1937. "The Meaninglessness of the Terms Life and Living." In Perspectives in Biochemistry: Thirty-One Essays Presented to Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins by Past and Present Members of His Laboratory. Edited by Joseph Needham and David E. Green. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Points, Laurie J., James W. Taylor, Jonathan Grizou, Kevin Donkers, and Leroy Cronin. 2018. "Artificial Intelligence Exploration of Unstable Protocells Leads to Predictable Properties and Discovery of Collective Behavior." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115. doi:10.1073/pnas.1711089115.
Poltak, Steffen R., and Vaughn S. Cooper. 2011. "Ecological Succession in Long-Term Experimentally Evolved Biofilms Produces Synergistic Communities." ISME Journal 5:369–78.
Popa, Radu. 2004. Between Necessity and Probability: Searching for the Definition and Origin of Life. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Porcar, Manuel, and Juli Peretó. 2018. "Creating Life and the Media: Translations and Echoes." Life Sciences, Society and Policy 14. doi:10.1186/s40504-018-0087-9.
Postberg, Frank, Nozair Khawaja, Bernd Abel, Gael Choblet, Christopher R. Glein, Murthy S. Gudipati, Bryana L. Henderson et al. 2018. "Macromolecular Organic Compounds from the Depths of Enceladus." Nature 558:564–68.
Pratama, Akbar A., and Jan D. Van Elsas. 2018. "The 'Neglected' Soil Virome – Potential Role and Impact." Trends in Microbiology 26:649–62.
President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. 1981. Defining Death: A Report on the Medical, Legal and Ethical Issues in the Determination of Death. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office.
Quick, Joshua, Nicholas J. Loman, Sophie Duraffour, Jared T. Simpson, Ettore Severi, Lauren Cowley, Joseph A. Bore et al. 2016. "Real-Time, Portable Genome Sequencing for Ebola Surveillance." Nature 530:228–32.
Rajamani, Sudha, Alexander Vlassov, Seico Benner, Amy Coombs, Felix Olasagasti, and David Deamer. 2008. "Lipid-Assisted Synthesis of RNA-Like Polymers from Mononucleotides." Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres 38:57–74.
Rall, Jack A. 2018. "Generation of Life in a Test Tube: Albert Szent-Gyorgyi, Bruno Straub, and the Discovery of Actin." Advances in Physiology Education 42:277–88.
Ramberg, Peter J. 2000. "The Death of Vitalism and the Birth of Organic Chemistry: Wohler's Urea Synthesis and the Disciplinary Identity of Organic Chemistry." Ambix, 47170–95.
Rankin, Mark. 2013. "Can One Be Two? A Synopsis of the Twinning and Personhood Debate." Monash Bioethics Review 31:37–59.
Ratcliff, Marc J. 2004. "Abraham Trembley's Strategy of Generosity and the Scope of Celebrity in the Mid-Eighteenth Century." Isis 95:555–75.
Ray, Subash K., Gabriele Valentini, Purva Shah, Abid Haque, Chris R. Reid, Gregory F. Weber, and Simon Garnier. 2019. "Information Transfer During Food Choice in the Slime Mold Physarum polycephalum." Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7:1–11.
Reed, Charles B. 1915. Albrecht Von Haller: A Physician – Not Without Honor. Chicago: Chicago Literary Club.
Rehbock, Philip F. 1975. "Huxley, Haeckel, and the Oceanographers: The Case of Bathybius haeckelii." Isis 66:504–33.
Reid, Chris R., Hannelore MacDonald, Richard P. Mann, James A. R. Marshall, Tanya Latty, and Simon Garnier. 2016. "Decision-Making Without a Brain: How an Amoeboid Organism Solves the Two-Armed Bandit." Journal of the Royal Society Interface 13. doi:10.1098/rsif.2016.0030.
Reid, Chris R., Simon Garnier, Madeleine Beekman, and Tanya Latty. 2015. "Information Integration and Multiattribute Decision Making in Non-Neuronal Organisms." Animal Behaviour 100:44–50.
Reid, Chris R., Tanya Latty, Andrey Dussutour, and Madeleine Beekman. 2012. "Slime Mold Uses an Externalized Spatial 'Memory' to Navigate in Complex Environments." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109: 17490–94.
Reinhold, Robert. 1968. "Harvard Panel Asks Definition of Death Be Based on Brain." New York Times, August 5. https://www.nytimes.com/1968/08/05/archives/harvard-panel-asks-definition-of-death-be-based-on-brain-death.html (accessed June 8, 2020).
Rice, Amy L. 1983. "Thomas Henry Huxley and the Strange Case Of Bathybius haeckelii: A Possible Alternative Explanation." Archives of Natural History 11:169–80.
Robinson, Denis M. 1988. "Reminiscences on Albert Szent-Györgyi." Biological Bulletin 174:214–33.
Rochlin, Kate, Shannon Yu, Sudipto Roy, and Mary K. Baylies. 2010. "Myoblast Fusion: When It Takes More to Make One." Developmental Biology 341:66–83.
Roe, Shirley A. 1981. Matter, Life, and Generation: 18th-Century Embryology and the Haller-Wolff Debate. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Rogalla, Horts, and Peter H. Kes, editors. 100 Years of Superconductivity. London: Taylor & Francis.
Roger, Jacques. 1997. Buffon: A Life in Natural History. Translated by Sarah L. Bonnefoi. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Rosa-Salva, Orsola, Uwe Mayer, and Giorgio Vallortigara. 2015. "Roots of a Social Brain: Developmental Models of Emerging Animacy-Detection Mechanisms." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 50:150–68.
Rößler, Hole. 2013. "Character Masks of Scholarship: Self-Representation and Self-Experiment as Practices of Knowledge Around 1770." In Scholars in Action: The Practice of Knowledge and the Figure of the Savant in the 18th Century. Edited by André Holenstein, Hubert Steinke, and Martin Stuber. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
Ruggiero, Angela. 2018. "Jahi McMath: Funeral Honors Young Teen Whose Brain Death Captured World's Attention." Mercury News (San Jose, CA), July 6. https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/07/06/jahi-mcmath-funeral-honors-young-teen-whose-brain-death-captured-worlds-attention/ (accessed June 8, 2020).
Rummel, Andrea D., Sharon M. Swartz, and Richard L. Marsh. 2019. "Warm Bodies, Cool Wings: Regional Heterothermy in Flying Bats." Biology Letters 15. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0530.
Rupke, Nicolaas A. 1976. "Bathybius haeckelii and the Psychology of Scientific Discovery: Theory Instead of Observed Data Controlled the Late 19th Century 'Discovery' of a Primitive Form of Life." Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 7:53–62.
Russell, Michael J. 2019. "Prospecting for Life." Interface Focus 9. doi:10.1098/rsfs.2019.0050.
Rutz, Christian, Matthias-Claudio Loretto, Amanda E. Bates, Sarah C. Davidson, Carlos M. Duarte, Walter Jetz, Mark Johnson et al. 2020. "COVID-19 Lockdown Allows Researchers to Quantify the Effects of Human Activity on Wildlife." Nature Ecology & Evolution. doi:10.1038/s41559-020-1237-z.
Sagan, Carl, and Joshua Lederberg. 1976. "The Prospects for Life on Mars: A Pre-Viking Assessment." Icarus 28:291–300.
Samartzidou, Hrissi, Mahsa Mehrazin, Zhaohui Xu, Michael J. Benedik, and Anne H. Delcour. 2003. "Cadaverine Inhibition of Porin Plays a Role in Cell Survival at Acidic pH." Journal of Bacteriology 185:13–19.
Satterly, John. 1939. "The Postprandial Proceedings of the Cavendish Society I." American Journal of Physics 7:179–85.
Schlenk, Fritz. 1987. "The Ancestry, Birth and Adolescence of Adenosine Triphosphate." Trends in Biochemical Sciences 12:367–68.
Schmalian, Jörg. 2010. "Failed Theories of Superconductivity." Modern Physics Letters B 24:2679–91.
Scholl, Brian J.,
