Die Religion des Volkes. Kleine Kultur-und Sozialgeschichte des Pietismus (Gütersloh, 1980), p. 103; Beyreuther, Geschichte des Pietismus, pp. 338–9; Gawthrop, Pietism, pp. 215–46.
48. Carl Hinrichs, ‘Pietismus und Militarismus im alten Preussen’ in id., Preussentum und Pietismus, pp. 126–73, here p. 155.
49. Gawthrop, Pietism, p. 226; Hinrichs, ‘Pietismus und Militarismus’, pp. 163–4.
50. Benjamin Marschke, Absolutely Pietist: Patronage, Factionalism, and State-building in the Early Eighteenth-century Prussian Army Chaplaincy (Halle, 2005), p. 114. I am very grateful to Dr Marschke for letting me see the manuscript of this work before it went to publication.
51. For an argument along these lines, see Gawthrop, Pietism, p. 228.
52. Ibid., pp. 236–7.
53. See A. J. La Vopa, Grace, Talent, and Merit. Poor Students, Clerical Careers and Professional Ideology in Eighteenth-century Germany (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 137–64, 386–8.
54. For an outline of the legacy of Pietist innovations in the area of schooling, on which this account is based, see J. Van Horn Melton, Absolutism and the Eighteenth-century Origins of Compulsory Schooling in Prussia and Austria (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 23–50.
55. Terveen, Gesamtstaat und Retablissement, pp. 86–92. On Friedrich Wilhelm I’s concern for the evangelization of the Lithuanians, see Hinrichs, Preussentum und Pietismus, p. 174; Notbohm, Das evangelische Schulwesen, p. 16.
56. Kurt Forstreuter, ‘Die Anfänge der Sprachstatistik in Preussen’, in id., Wirkungen des Preussenlandes (Cologne, 1981), pp. 312–33.
57. M. Brecht, ‘Der Hallische Pietismus in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts – seine Ausstrahlung und sein Niedergang’, in id. and Klaus Deppermann (eds.), Der Pietismus im achtzehnten Jahrhundert (Göttingen, 1995), pp. 319–57, here p. 323.
58. On the Pietist mission to the Jews, see Christopher Clark, The Politics of Conversion. Missionary Protestantism and the Jews in Prussia 1728–1941 (Oxford, 1995), pp. 9–82.
59. Scharfe, Die Religion des Volkes, p. 148.
60. H. Obst, Der Berliner Beichtstuhlstreit (Witten, 1972); Gawthrop, Pietism, pp. 124–5; Fulbrook, Piety and Politics, pp. 160–62.
61. Marschke, Absolutely Pietist.
62. Gawthrop, Pietism, pp. 275–6.
63. On the association with hypocrisy, see Johannes Wallmann, ‘Was ist der Pietismus?’, Pietismus und Neuzeit, 20 (1994), pp. 11–27, here pp. 11–12.
64. Brecht, ‘Der Hallesche Pietismus’, p. 342.
65. Justus Israel Beyer, Auszüge aus den Berichten des reisenden Mitarbeiters beym jüdischen Institut (15 vols., Halle, 1777–91), vol. 14, p. 2.
66. See e.g. W. Bienert, Der Anbruch der christlichen deutschen Neuzeit dargestellt an Wissenschaft und Glauben des Christian Thomasius (Halle, 1934), p. 151.
67. Martin Schmidt, ‘Der Pietismus und das moderne Denken’, in Aland (ed.), Pietismus und Moderne Welt, pp. 9–74, here pp. 21, 27, 53–61.
68. See e.g. J. Geyer-Kordesch, ‘Die Medizin im Spannungsfeld zwischen Aufklärung und Pietismus: Das unbequeme Werk Georg Ernst Stahls und dessen kulturelle Bedeutung’, in N. Hinske (ed.), Halle, Aufklärung und Pietismus (Heidelberg, 1989).
69. On Kant’s ambivalent attitude to the Pietist tradition, see the excellent introduction to Immanuel Kant, Religion and Rational Theology, ed. and trans. Allen W. Wood and George di Giovanni (Cambridge, 1996).
70. Richard van Dülmen, Kultur und Alltag in der frühen Neuzeit (3 vols., Munich, 1994), vol. 3, Religion, Magie, Aufklärung 16.–18. Jahrhundert, pp. 132–4.
71. W. M. Alexander, Johann Georg Hamann. Philosophy and Faith (The Hague, 1966), esp. pp. 2–3; I. Berlin, The Magus of the North. Johann Georg Hamann and the Origins of Modern Irrationalism, ed. H. Hardy (London, 1993), pp. 5–6, 13–14, 91.
72. L. Dickey, Hegel. Religion, Economics and the Politics of Spirit (Cambridge, 1987), esp. pp. 149, 161.
73. This comparison is made in Fulbrook, Piety and Politics.
74. Political Testament of 1667, in Dietrich (ed.), Die Politischen Testamente, p. 188.
75. Memo from Sebastian Striepe to Frederick William [mid-January 1648], in Erdmannsdörffer (ed.), Politische Verhandlungen, vol. 1, pp. 667–73.
76. See, for example, Frederick William to Louis XIV, Kleve, 13 August 1666, in B. Eduard Simson, Auswärtige Acten. Erster Band (Frankreich) (Berlin, 1865), pp. 416–17.
77. McKay, Great Elector, 154.
78. In a furious note to his ambassador in Berlin, the French king accused Frederick William of preventing by force his subjects ‘of the supposed reformed religion’ from returning to France in recognition of their ‘guilt’ and warned that unless he desisted from this outrage ‘I [Louis XIV] will be forced to make decisions that he will not like’ (Waddington, Prusse, vol. 1, p. 561).
79. The Principality of Orange had belonged to William III of Orange, Dutch Stadtholder from 1672 and King of Great Britain from 1689. William III, himself an only child, died childless in 1702. The strongest claimant to the title was thus Frederick I, whose mother, Louise Henrietta of Orange, had been the eldest daughter of William’s grandfather, Frederick Henry, Dutch Stadtholder from 1625 to 1647, though here, as in so many such cases, there were disputes about the status of the female line of succession. Louis XIV had annexed the territory in 1682, but the struggle over the inheritance was not resolved until the Peace of Utrecht in 1713.
80. Text of the proclamation in Raby to Hedges, Berlin, 19 January 1704, PRO SP 90/2.
81. Ibid.
6 Powers in the Land
1. Andreas Nachama, Ersatzbürger und Staatsbildung. Zur Zerstörung des Bürgertums in Brandenburg-Preussen (Frankfurt/Main, 1984). For another very negative assessment of Silesian town life in particular, see Johannes Ziekursch, Das Ergebnis der friderizianischen Städteverwaltung und die StädteordnungSteins. Am Beispiel der schlesischen Städte dargestellt (Jena, 1908), pp. 80, 133, 135 and passim; on urbanization, see Jörn Sieglerschmidt, ‘Social and Economic Landscapes’, in Sheilagh Ogilvie (ed.), Germany. A New Social and Economic History (3 vols., London, 1995–2003), pp. 1–38, here p. 17.
2. Nachama, Ersatzbürger und Staatsbildung, pp. 66–7; McKay, Great Elector, pp. 162–4.
3. Karin Friedrich, ‘The Development of the Prussian Town, 1720–1815’, in Dwyer (ed.), Rise of Prussia, pp. 129–50, here pp. 136–7.
4. Horst Carl, Okkupation und Regionalismus. Die preussischen Westprovinzen im Siebenjährigen Krieg (Mainz, 1993), p. 41; Dieter Stievermann, ‘Preussen und die Städte der westfälischen Grafschaft Mark’, Westfälische Forschungen, 31 (1981), pp. 5–31.
5. Carl, Okkupation und Regionalismus, pp. 42–4.
6. Martin Winter, ‘PreussischesKantonsystemundstädtischeGesellschaft’, inRalfPröveand Bernd Kölling (eds.), Leben und Arbeiten auf märckischem Sand. Wege in die Gesellschaftsgeschichte Brandenburgs 1700–1914 (Bielefeld, 1999), p. 243–65, here p. 262.
7. Olaf Gründel, ‘Bürgerrock und Uniform. Die Garnisonstadt Prenzlau 1685–1806’, in Museumsverband des Landes Brandenburg (ed.), Ortstermine. Stationen Brandenburg-Preussens auf den Weg in die moderne
