А теперь пора рассказать о Долли Чу, которой посвящена эта книга. Я познакомился с Долли в 2001 году, когда она поступила на докторат по организационному поведению. Следующие годы Долли была самой ценной из моих коллег. Большая часть исследований, которые я проводил в последние 12 лет, не попала бы в поле моего зрения, если бы Долли решила пойти по другому пути. За пять лет обучения Долли в Гарварде мы с ней и Мазарин Банаджи разработали концепцию «ограниченной этичности» (впервые Мазарин ввела этот термин в статье 2000 года, которую она написала совместно с Р. Бхаскаром). В 2006 году Долли получила докторскую степень в Гарварде и начала преподавать в Нью-Йоркском университете. Моя работа с Долли и Мазарин легла в основу книги «Blind Spots» («Мертвая зона»), которую в 2011 году я опубликовал в соавторстве с Энн Тенбрунсел. Мы просили Долли стать соавтором той книги. Она отклонила наше предложение, поскольку публикации в журнале и преподавание не оставляли ей свободного времени. Мы с Долли также ввели в обиход термин «ограниченная осведомленность», описывающий основные трудности наблюдательности, о которых я рассказал в этой книге. Я еще раз попросил Долли стать моим соавтором, и вновь она отклонила мое предложение, ссылаясь на то, что ей нужно много писать для научных журналов. И все же я надеюсь, что к моей следующей книге она будет не так сурова. И, наконец, последнее: как и многие из тех, кто меня окружает, в том числе Дэвид Герджен, Пэтти Беллинджер, Кэти Шонк и Марла Фелчер (моя жена, о которой я часто упоминаю), Долли – первоклассный наблюдатель!
Макс БазерманПредисловие. Наблюдательность: мой собственный путь
1. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States,“The 9 /11 Commission Report,”2004, http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report /911Report Exec.htm.
2. Keith E. Stanovich and Richard F. West, “Individual Differences in Reasoning: Implications for the Rationality Debate?”, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23 (2000): 645–665.
Глава 1. Гонки и ремонт машин
1. Jack Brittain and Sam Sitkin, “Carter Racing,” Delta Leadership, 2006. This is a simulation, distributed by a for-profit company: For copyright clearance, contact Delta Leadership, Inc: [email protected]; P. O. Box 794, Carrboro, NC 27510.
2. Car Talk, NPR, May 24, 2003.
3. Daniel J. Simons and Chris F. Chabris, “Gorillas in Our Midst: Sustained Inattentional Blindness for Dynamic Events,” Perception 28 (1999): 1059–1074.
4. Five Easy Pieces, DVD, directed by Bob Rafelson (1970; Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, 1999).
Глава 2. Мотивированная слепота
1. Если не упомянуты другие источники, вся информация по делу Садаски взята из статьи Марка Виеры (Mark Viera), “In Sexual Abuse Case, a Focus on How Paterno Reacted,” New York Times, November 6, 2011.
2. Pete Thamel, “State Officials Blast Penn State in Sandusky Case,” New York Times, November 7, 2011.
3. Thomas Farragher, “Admission of Awareness Damning for Law,” Boston Globe, December 14, 2002, http://www.boston.com/globe/spotlight/abuse/stories3/121402 admission.htm.
4. Max H. Bazerman and Ann E. Tenbrunsel, Blind Spots: Why We Fail to Do What’s Right and What to Do About It (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011).
5. Christopher Hitchens, “Bringing the Pope to Justice,” Newsweek, May 3, 2010.
6. U. S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, The Nature and Scope of the Problem of Sexual Abuse of Minors by Catholic Priests and Deacons in the United States, 1950–2002: A Research Study Conducted by the John Jay College of Criminal Justice (Washington, D.C.: 2004).
7. Там же.
8. Dolly Chugh, Max H. Bazerman, and Mahzarin R. Banaji, “Bounded Ethicality as a Psychological Barrier to Recognizing Conflicts of Interest,” in Conflicts of Interest: Problems and Solutions from Law, Medicine and Organizational Settings, ed. Don A. Moore, Daylian Cain, George Loewenstein, and Max H. Bazerman (London: Cambridge University Press, 2005); Bazerman and Tenbrunsel, Blind Spots.
9. “Belichick Fined,” Mike & Mike in the Morning, ESPN.com audiopodcast, September 14, 2007.
10. United States of America v. Philip Morris USA, et al., Docket No. CA99–02496, May 4, 2005, http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/pro08h00/pdf.
11. The website of the Government Accountability Project is http://www.whistleblower.org.
12. Carol D. Leonnig, “Judge in Tobacco Case Urges Settlement,” Washington Post, June 21, 2005, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/20/AR2005062001245.html; “Government Witness in Tobacco Case Says Justice Department Lawyers Asked Him to Weaken Testimony,” Common Dreams News Center, June 20, 2005, http:// www.commondreams.org /news2005/0620–25.htm.
Глава 3. Когда наблюдательность изменяет лидерам
1. Susan Dominus, “The Woman Who Took the Fall for JPMorgan,” New York Times, October 3, 2012.
2. Monica Langley, “Inside J. P. Morgan’s Blunder,” Wall Street Journal, May 18, 2012.
3. Dominus, “The Woman Who Took the Fall for JPMorgan.”
4. Langley, “Inside J. P. Morgan’s Blunder.”
5. Там же.
6. Dawn Kopecki, Phil Mattingly, and Clea Benson, “Dimon Fires back at Complex System in U. S. Senate Grilling,” Bloomberg BusinessWeek, June 13, 2012.
7. Langley, “Inside J. P. Morgan’s Blunder.”
8. Информация об истории JPMorgan Chase взята из работы Доуна Копески (Dawn Kopecki), “JPMorgan Pays $920 Million to Settle London Whale Probes,” Bloomberg, September 20, 2013, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013–09–19/jpmorgan-chase-agrees-to-pay-920-million-for-london-whale-loss.html.
9. Maura Dolan,“Barry Bonds’ Conviction for Obstruction of Justice is Upheld,” Los Angeles Times, September 13, 2013.
10. Bazerman and Tenbrunsel, Blind Spots.
11. Там же.
12. Обсуждение дела Enron основано на “Commentary: No Excuses for Enron’s Board,” Bloomberg, July 28, 2002, http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/163876-commentary-no-excusesfor-enron-s-board?type=old_article.
13. David Winkler, “India’s Satyam Accounting Scandal,” University of Iowa Center for International Finance and Development, February 1, 2010, http://blogs.law.uiowa.edu/ebook/content/uicifd-briefingpaper-no-8-indias-satyam-accounting-scandal.
14. Winkler, “India’s Satyam Accounting Scandal.”
15. Там же.
16. John Glover, “Libor, Set by Fewer Banks, Losing Status as a Benchmark,” Bloomberg Business Week, October 8, 2012, http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012–10–08/libor-now-set-by-six-bankslosing-status-as-a-benchmark.
17. Stephan Gandel, “Barclays the Biggest Libor Liar? No, That May Have Been Citi,” CNN Money, July 19, 2012, http://finance.fortune.cnn.com/2012/07/19/citigroup-biggest-libor-liar/.
18. Andrea Tan, Gavin Finch, and Liam Vaughan, “RBS Instant Messages Show Libor Rates Skewed for Traders,” Bloomberg, September 26, 2012, http://www.bloomberg.com /news /2012–09–25/rbs-instant-messagesshow-libor-rates-skewed-for-traders.html.
19. Alexis Levine and Michael Harquail, “Wheatley Review May Mean Big Changes for LIBOR,” Blakes Business, October 5, 2012, http://www.blakes.com/English/Resources/Bulletins/Pages/ Details.aspx?BulletinID=1516.
20. Naomi Wolf, “This Global Financial Fraud and Its Gatekeepers,” The Guardian, July 14, 2012.
Глава 4. Когда отрасль слепа
1. Peter Aldhous, “Misconduct Found in Harvard Animal Morality Prof ’s Lab,” New Scientist, August 11, 2010.
2. Tom Bartlett, “Document Sheds Light on Investigation at Harvard,” Chronicle of Higher Education, August 19, 2010, http://chronicle.com/article/Document-Sheds-Light-on/123988/.
3. “Stapel betuigt openlijk ‘diepe spijt,’ ” Brabants Dagblad, October 31, 2011, translated at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diederik Stapel#citenote-26.
4. Max H. Bazerman, Kimberly P. Morgan, and George F. Loewenstein, “The Impossibility of Auditor Independence,” Sloan Management Review 38, no. 4 (1997) 98–94.
5. Linda Babcock, George Loewenstein, Samuel Issacharoff, and Colin Camerer, “Biased Judgments of Fairness in Bargaining,” American Economic Review 85, no. 5 (1995): 1337–1343.
6. Don A. Moore, Lloyd Tanlu, and Max H. Bazerman, “Conflict of Interest and the Intrusion of Bias,” Judgment and Decision Making 5, no. 1 (2010): 37–53.
7. Linda Babcock and George Loewenstein, “Explaining Bargaining Impasse: The Role of Self-Serving Biases,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 11, no. 1 (1997): 109–126.
8. Chugh, Bazerman, and Banaji, “Bounded Ethicality as a Psychological Barrier to Recognizing Conflicts of Interest.”
9. Joseph P. Simmons, Leif D. Nelson, and Uri Simonsohn, “False-Positive Psychology: Undisclosed Flexibility in Data Collection and Analysis Allows Presenting Anything as Significant,” Psychological Science 22 (November 2011): 1359–1366.
10. Я не описываю сам эксперимент.
11. Simmons et al., “False-Positive Psychology.”
12. Leslie K. John, George Loewenstein, and Drazen Prelec, “Measuring the Prevalence of Questionable Research Practices with Incentives for Truth-telling,” Psychological Science 23, no. 5 (2012): 524–532.
13. Bazerman and Tenbrunsel, Blind Spots.
14. Simmons et al., “False-Positive Psychology.”
15. Jann Swanson, “Ratings Agencies Hit for Role in Financial Crisis,” Mortgage News Daily, October 22, 2008, http://www.mortgagenewsdaily.com/10232008 Ratings Agencies.asp.
16. Nathaniel Popper, “S.&P. Bond Deals Are on the Rise Since It Relaxed Rating Criteria,” New York Times DealBook, September 17, 2013, http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/09/17/s-p-bond-deals-areon-the-rise-since-it-relaxed-rating-criteria/?r=0.
