in Russia, Advice from Iran Help Venezuela Skirt Sanctions”. Reuters, November 10, 2020. https://www. reuters. com/article/venezuela-oil-exports-special-report/special-report-phantom-buyers-in-russia-advice-from-iran-help-venezuela-skirt-sanctions-idUSKBN27Q2CB.
Parry, Angharad. “Rusal Sanctions: Market Turmoil and Legal Fall-out”. Essex Street. April 2018. https://twentyessex. com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Rusal-sanctions. pdf.
Partington, Richard. “14m Bolivars for a Chicken: Venezuela Hyperinflation Explained”. Guardian, August 20, 2018. https://www. theguardian. com/world/2018/aug/20/venezuela-bolivars-hyperinflation-banknotes.
Paterson, Stewart. “The Digital Renminbi and China’s Potential Financial Revolution: A Primer on Central Bank Digital Currencies”. Hinrich Foundation. July 2020. https://www. hinrichfoundation. com/media/2kybhumm/hinrich-foundation-white-paper-digitual-yuan-and-china-s-potential-financial-revolution-july‐2020. pdf.
Paterson, Stewart. “US-China Decoupling: How Far Could It Go?” Hinrich Foundation. September 2, 2020. https://www. hinrichfoundation. com/research/wp/us-china/us-china-decoupling.
Peksen, Dursun. “Better or Worse? The Effect of Economic Sanctions on Human Rights”. Journal of Peace Research 46, no. 1 (January 2009): 59–77. https://doi. org/10.1177/0022343308098404.
Peri, Dinakar. “Payment Issues over S‐400 Deal Resolved: Russian Officials”. Hindu, August 29, 2019. https://www. thehindu. com/news/national/payment-issues-over-s‐400-deal-resolved-russian-officials/article29281658. ece.
Perl, Raphael. “Drug Trafficking and North Korea: Issues for U. S. Policy”. Congressional Research Service. January 25, 2007. https://fas. org/sgp/crs/row/RL32167. pdf.
Perlow, Gary.“Taking Peacetime Trade Sanctionstothe Limit: The Soviet Pipeline Embargo”. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 15, no. 253 (1983). https://scholarlycommons. law. case. edu/jil/vol15/iss2/4.
Pham, Sherisse. “Losing Huawei as a Customer Could Cost US Tech Companies $11 Billion”. CNN, May 17, 2019. https://www. cnn. com/2019/05/17/tech/hua-wei-us-ban-suppliers/index. html.
Politi, James, Demetri Sevastopulo, and Hudson Locke. “US Adds China’s Largest Chipmaker to Export Blacklist”. Financial Times, December 18, 2020. https://www. ft. com/content/7dcc105e‐986b‐4768–9239–9f8fa9073b53https://www. ft. com/content/7dcc105e‐986b‐4768–9239–9f8fa9073b53.
Proper, Ellen. “ASML Stays Positive Despite Being Caught by U. S., China Rift”. Bloomberg, October 14, 2020. https://www. bloomberg. com/news/articles/2020–10–14/asml-expects-low-double-digit-growth-next-year-resumes-buybacks.
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States. “Presidential Documents — January 1 to June 30”. No. 01 (1998): 998. https://www. govinfo. gov/content/pkg/PPP‐1998-book1/pdf/PPP‐1998-book1. pdf.
Quenelle, Benjamin. “Sanctions: le ‘roi de l’aluminium’ russe accuse Washington”. Les Echos, February 14, 2020. https://www. lesechos. fr/finance-marches/marches-financiers/sanctions-loligarque-de-laluminium-accuse-washington‐1171891.
Rachmann, Gideon. “A New Cold War: Trump, Xi and the Escalating US-China Confrontation”. Financial Times, October 5, 2020. https://www. ft. com/content/7b809c6a-f733–46f5-a312–9152aed28172.
Rappeport, Alan. “Exxon Mobil Fined for Violating Sanctions on Russia”. New York Times, July 20, 2017. https://www. nytimes. com/2017/07/20/us/politics/exxon-mobil-fined-russia-tillerson-sanctions. html.
Rasser, Martijn, and Ashley Feng. “This Is How to Solve America’s Rare-Earths Dilemma”. National Interest. June 28, 2019. https://nationalinterest. org/feature/how-solve-americas-rare-earths-dilemma‐64751.
Ratna, Tanvi. “Iran Has a Bitcoin Strategy to Beat Trump”. Foreign Policy, January 24, 2020. https://foreignpolicy. com/2020/01/24/iran-bitcoin-strategy-cryptocurrency-blockchain-sanctions.
Reed, Stanley. “Total Signs Deal with Iran, Exposing It to Big Risks and Rewards”. New York Times, July 3, 2017. https://www. nytimes. com/2017/07/03/business/energy-environment/iran-total-france-gas-energy. html.
Reed, Stanley, and Lara Jakes. “A Russian Gas Pipeline Increases Tension Between the U. S. and Europe”. New York Times, July 24, 2020. https://www. nytimes. com/2020/07/24/business/nord-stream-pipeline-russia. html.
Rees, Kit, and Viktoria Dendrinou. “EU Sets Out Plans to Limit U. S. Dollar Reliance, Boost Euro”. Bloomberg, January 16, 2021. https://www. bloomberg. com/news/articles/2021–01–16/eu-draft-sets-out-plans-to-limit-u-s-dollar-reliance-ft.
Rennack, Dianne. “North Korea: Economic Sanctions”. Congressional Research Service. October 17, 2006. https://fas. org/sgp/crs/row/RL31696. pdf.
Reuters. “Austria Charges Bank After Cuban Accounts Cancelled”. April 27, 2007. https://www. reuters. com/article/austria-bawag/austria-charges-bank-after-cuban-accounts-cancelled-idUSL2711446820070427.
Reuters. “BAWAG Restores Cuban Accounts After Public Uproar”. May 4, 2007. https://www. reuters. com/article/austria-bawag-cuba-idUSL0450488520070504.
Reuters. “Bitcoin at ‘Tipping Point,’ Citi Says as Price Surges”. March 1, 2021. https://www. reuters. com/article/us-crypto-currency-bitcoin-citi-idUSKCN2AT23H.
Reuters. “China Needs First Mover Advantage in Digital Currency Race: PBOC Magazine”. September 21, 2020. https://www. reuters. com/article/china-pboc-renminnbi-digital/refile-china-needs-first-mover-advantage-in-digital-currency-race-pboc-magazine-idUSL3N2GI11F.
Reuters. “Explainer: U. S. Dependence on China’s Rare Earth — Trade War Vulnerability”. June 3, 2019. https://www. reuters. com/article/us-usa-trade-china-rareearth-explainer/explainer-u-s-dependence-on-chinas-rare-earth-trade-war-vulnerability-idUSKCN1T42RP.
Reuters. “FACTBOX–China’s Onshore Yuan Clearing and Settlement System CIPS”. July 30, 2020. https://www. reuters. com/article/china-banks-clearing-idUSL3N2F115E.
Reuters. “Factbox: Oil, Loans, Military — Russia’s Exposure to Venezuela”. January 24, 2019. https://www. reuters. com/article/us-venezuela-politics-russia-factbox/factbox-oil-loans-military-russias-exposure-to-venezuela-idUSKCN1PI1T4.
Reuters. “Factbox: What Is China’s Onshore Yuan Clearing and Settlement System CIPS?” February 28, 2022. https://www. reuters. com/markets/europe/what-is-chinas-onshore-yuan-clearing-settlement-system-cips‐2022–02–28.
Reuters. “Iran Says China’s CNPC Replacing France’s Total in Gas Project”. November 25, 2018. https://www. reuters. com/article/us-oil-iran-cnpc/iran-says-chinas-cnpc-replacing-frances-total-in-gas-project-idUSKCN1NU0FP.
Reuters. “Putin Says Nord Stream 2 Link Ready to Calm Gas Prices”. December 29, 2021. https://www. reuters. com/markets/commodities/putin-declares-nord-stream‐2-ready-gas-exports‐2021–12–29.
Reuters. “Russia’s Gazprom Expects Nord Stream 2 Launch in 2021: RIA”. February 11, 2021. https://www. reuters. com/article/us-gazprom-nordstream2/russias-gazprom-expects-nord-stream‐2-launch-in‐2021-ria-idUSKBN2AB1JL.
Reuters. “Russia Says ‘Nothing Catastrophic’ About U. S. Sanctions on Nord Stream 2”. December 23, 2019. https://www. reuters. com/article/us-usa-russia-nord-stream-medvedev/russia-says-nothing-catastrophic-about-u-s-sanctions-on-nord-stream‐2-idUSKBN1YR1Q8.
Reuters. “U. S. Judge Rules PDVSA’s 2020 Bonds Are Valid, Citgo Still Protected”. October 16, 2020. https://uk. reuters. com/article/us-venezuela-debt/u-s-judge-rules-pdvsas‐2020-bonds-are-valid-citgo-still-protected-idUKKBN2712DG.
Reuters. “U. S. Trade Embargo Has Cost Cuba $130 Billion, U. N. Says”. May 9, 2018. https://www. reuters. com/article/us-cuba-economy-un-idUSKBN1IA00T.
Ribando Seelke, Clare. “Venezuela: Overview of U. S. Sanctions”. Congressional Research Service. Accessed April 23, 2020. https://fas. org/sgp/crs/row/IF10715. pdf.
Rieff, David. “Were Sanctions Right?” New York Times, July 27, 2003. https://www. nytimes. com/2003/07/27/magazine/were-sanctions-right. html.
Riley, Alan. “Nord Stream 2: Understanding the Potential Consequences”. Atlantic Council. June 2018. https://www. atlanticcouncil. org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Nord_Stream_2_interactive. pdf.
Rio Tinto. “Rio Tinto Reviews Arrangements with Rusal”. April 13, 2018. https://www. riotinto. com/news/releases/Rusal-arrangements-reviewed.
Risen, James, and Mark Mazzetti. “U. S. Agencies See No Move by Iran to Build a Bomb”. New York Times, February 24, 2012. https://www. nytimes. com/2012/02/25/world/middleeast/us-agencies-see-no-move-by-iran-to-build-a-bomb. html.
Robert, Virginie. “Pierre Vimont: ‘Il faut que l’Europe soit capable de montrer qu’on peut mordre face aux sanctions extraterritoriales.’ ” Les Echos, March 22, 2021. https://www. lesechos. fr/monde/enjeux-internationaux/pierre-vimont-il-faut-que-leurope-soit-capable-de-montrer-quon-peut-mordre-face-aux-sanctions-extraterritoriales‐1300265.
Rodriguez, Francisco. “Why More Sanctions Won’t Help Venezuela”. Foreign Policy, January 12, 2018. https://foreignpolicy. com/2018/01/12/why-more-sanctions-wont-help-venezuela.
Rosenberg, Elizabeth, and Neil Bhatiya. “Busting North Korea’s Sanctions Evasion”. Center for a New American Security. March 4, 2020. https://www. cnas. org/publications/commentary/busting-north-koreas-sanctions-evasion.
Rosenberg, Elizabeth, Peter Harrell, and Ashley Feng. “A New Arsenal for Competition, Coercive Economic Measures in the U. S.-China Relationship”. Center for a New American Security. April 24, 2020. https://www. cnas. org/publications/reports/a-new-arsenal-for-competition.
Roth, Andrew, and Carol Morello. “Kremlin Reacts with Anger and Ridicule to Treasury List of Influential Russians”. Washington Post, January 30, 2018. https://www. washingtonpost. com/world/kremlin-reacts-with-anger-and-ridicule-to-treasury-list-of-influential-russians/2018/01/30/f5405586–05c7–11e8–8777–2a059f168dd2_story. html.
Roth, John, Douglas Greenburg, and Serena Wille. “Monograph on Terrorist Financing”. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Accessed June 17, 2020. https://govinfo. library. unt. edu/911/staff_statements/911_TerrFin_Monograph. pdf.
Rubenfeld, Samuel. “U. S. Sanctions Listing Could Hurt Humanitarian Trade with Iran”. Wall Street Journal, October 19, 2018. https://www. wsj. com/articles/u-s-sanctions-listing-could-hurt-humanitarian-trade-with-iran‐1539941400.
Ruehl, Mercedes, and James Kynge. “The US’s Big Plan to Cut Supply Chain Reliance on China”. Financial Times, February 24, 2021. https://www. ft. com/content/6bc86e88–81d6–4f3b‐8e30–337ca640c760.
Sadjapour, Karim. “How to Win the Cold War with Iran”. Atlantic, March 25,