Yaffe K, Hoang TD, Byers AL, Barnes DE, Friedl KE. Lifestyle and health-related risk factors and risk of cognitive aging among older veterans. Alzheimers Dement. 2014;10(3 Suppl):S111–S121. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.04.010
Zhu N, Jacobs DR Jr, Schreiner PJ, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive function in middle age: the CARDIA study. Neurology. 2014;82(15):1339–1346. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000310. Epub 2014 Apr 2.
Chapter 6. Sleeping, Breathing, Breathing while Sleeping
Ahuja S, Chen RK, Kam K, Pettibone WD, Osorio RS, Varga AW. Role of normal sleep and sleep apnea in human memory processing. Nat Sci Sleep. 2018;10:255–269. doi: 10.2147/NSS.S125299
Ancoli-Israel S, Palmer BW, Cooke JR, et al. Cognitive effects of treating obstructive sleep apnea in Alzheimer’s disease: a randomized controlled study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008; 56(11): 2076–2081. doi: 10.1007/s11325-021-02320-4
Andre C, Rehel S, Kuhn E, et al. Association of sleep-disordered breathing with Alzheimer disease biomarkers in community-dwelling older adults: a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(6):716–724. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.0311
Ayalon L, Ancoli-Israel S, Drummond SPA. Obstructive sleep apnea and age: a double insult to brain function? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182:413–419. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200912-1805OC
Bubu OM, Andrade AG, Umasabor-Bubu OQ, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea, cognition and Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review integrating three decades of multidisciplinary research. Sleep Med Rev. 2020; 50:101250. doi: 10.1016/ j.smrv.2019.101250
Bubu OM, Brannick M, Mortimer J, et al. Sleep, cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep. 2017;40(1). doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsw032
Bubu OM, Pirraglia E, Andrade AG, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and longitudinal Alzheimer’s disease biomarker changes. Sleep. 2019;42(6):zsz048. doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsz048
Castronovo V, Canessa N, Ferini Strami L, et al. Brain activation changes before and after PAP treatment in obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep. 2009;32(9)1161–1172.
Champagne KA, Kimoff RJ, Barriga PC, Schwartzman K. Sleep disordered breathing in women of childbearing age & during pregnancy. Indian J Med Res. 2010; 131:285–301. doi: 10.1097/ogx.0000000000000052
Chen HL, Lin HC, Lu CH, et al. Systemic inflammation and alterations to cereFor Further Reading 237 bral blood flow in obstructive sleep apnea. J Sleep Res. 2017; 26:789–798. doi: 10.1111/jsr.12553
Chirinos JA, Gurubhagavatula I, Teff K, et al. CPAP, weight loss, or both for obstructive sleep apnea. N Eng J Med. 2014;370:265–275. doi: 10.1056/nejmOA1306187
Clionsky E, Clionsky M. A case of apparently reversed Alzheimer’s disease. Poster presented at: 2012 Alzheimer’s Association International Conference (AAIC2012); July 19, 2012; Vancouver, Canada.
Clionsky M, Clionsky E. Dementia and the brain-breathing connection. J Alzheimers Dis Parkinsonism. 2016;6:6. doi: 10.4172/2161-0460.1000e135
Fleming WE, Holty JEC, Bogan RK, et al. Use of blood biomarkers to screen for obstructive sleep apnea. Nat Sci Sleep. 2018;10:159–67. doi: 10.2147/NSS.S164488
Hesselbacher S, Aiyer AA, Surani SR, Suleman AA, Varon J. A study to assess the relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obstructive sleep apnea in adults. Cureus. 2019;11(10):e5979. doi: 10.7759/cureus.5979
Irwin MR, Vitiello MV. Implications of sleep disturbance and inflammation for Alzheimer’s disease dementia. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18(3):296–306. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30450-2. Epub 2019 Jan 17.
Kim H, Joo EY, Suh S, Kim JH, Kim ST, Hong SB. Effects of long-term treatment on brain volume in patients with obstructive apnea syndrome. Hum Brain Mapp. 2016;37:395–409. doi: 10.1002/hbm.23038
Kirsch DB, Yang H, Maslow AL, Stolzenbach M, McCall A. Association of positive airway pressure use with acute care utilization. J Clin Sleep Med. 2019;15(9):1243–1250. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.7912
Komaroff AL. Does sleep flush wastes from the brain? J Am Med Assoc. 2021 May 17. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.5631. Epub ahead of print.
Leng Y, McEvoy CT, Allen IE, Yaffe K. Association of sleep-disordered breathing with cognitive function and risk of cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. 2017; 74(10):1237–1245. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.2180
Liquori C, Mercuri NB, Izzi F, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with early but possibly modifiable Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers changes. Sleep, 2017;40(5):zsx011. doi: 10.1007/s11325-021-02320-4
Marchi NA, Ramponi C, Hirotsu C, et al. Mean oxygen saturation during sleep 238 For Further Reading is related to specific brain atrophy pattern. Ann Neurol. 2020;87:921–930. doi: 10.1002/ana.25728
McMillan A, Morrell MJ. Sleep disordered breathing at the extremes of age: the elderly. Breathe. 2016;12:50–60. doi: 10.1183/20734735.003216
Osorio RS, Gumb T, Pirraglia E, et al. Sleep-disordered breathing advances cognitive decline in the elderly. Neurology. 2015;84:1964–1971. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001566. Epub 2015 Apr 15.
Proskovec AL, Rezich MT, O’Neill J, et al. Association of epigenetic metrics of biological age with cortical thickness. JAMA Netw Open. 2020; 3(9):e2015428. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.15428
Reynolds CF III, Kupfer D, Taska LS, et al. Sleep apnea in Alzheimer’s dementia: correlation with mental deterioration. J Clin Psychiatry. 1985;46(7):257–261.
Richards KC, Gooneratne N, Dicicco B, et al. CPAP adherence may slow 1 year cognitive decline in older adults with mild cognitive impairment and apnea. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019;67:558–564. doi: 10.1111/jgs.15758
Robbins R, Quan SF, Weaver MD, Bormes G, Barger LK, Czeisler CA. Examining sleep deficiency and disturbance and their risk for incident dementia and all-cause mortality in older adults across 5 years in the United States. Aging (Albany NY). 2021 Feb 11;13(3):3254–3268. doi: 10.18632/aging.202591. Epub 2021 Feb 11.
Senaratna CV, Perret JL, Lodge CJ, et al. Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in the general population: a systematic review. Sleep Med Rev. 2017;34:70–81. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2016.07.002
Shi L, Chen SJ, Ma MY, et al. Sleep disturbances increase the risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2018;40:4–16. Epub 2017 Jul 6. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2017.06.010
Shokri-Kojori E, Wang GJ, Wiers CE, et al. β-Amyloid accumulation in the human brain after one night of sleep deprivation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2018;115(17):4483–4488. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1721694115. Epub 2018 Apr 9.
Somers VK, White D, Amin R, et al. Sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(8):686–717. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.189375. Epub 2008 Aug 25.
Sun X, He G, Qing H, et al. Hypoxia facilitates Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis by up-regulating BACE1 gene expression. PNAS. 2006;103(49):18727–18732. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0606298103
Tsai M‐S, Li H‐Y, Huang C‐G, et al. Risk of Alzheimer’s disease in obstructive sleep apnea patients with or without treatment: real‐world evidence. Laryngoscope. 2020;130: 2292–2298. doi: 10.1002/lary.28558
Van Dongen HP, Maislin G, Mullington JM, Dinges DF. The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation. Sleep. 2003;26(2):117–126. doi: 10.1093/sleep/26.2.117. Erratum in: Sleep. 2004 Jun 15;27(4):600.
Veasey SC, Rosen IM. Obstructive sleep apnea in adults. N Eng J Med. 2019;380:1442–49. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp1816152
Wang Y, Cheng C, Moelter S, et al. One year of continuous positive airway pressure adherence improves cognition in older adults with mild apnea and mild cognitive impairment. Nurs Res. 2020;69(2):157–164. doi: 10.1097/NNR.0000000000000420
