Economy, pp. 180–206.
Keynes, Collected Writings, vol. XVII, p. 131; Harrod, Life of John Maynard Keynes, pp. 288–295; Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, vol. II, p. 41.
Keynes, Collected Writings, vol. XVIII, p. 48.
Eichengreen, Golden Fetters, pp. 100–124.
Marks, Reparations Reconsidered, в разных местах; Maier, Recasting Bourgeois Europe, pp. 241f.
Holtfrerich, German Inflation, pp. 148f; Webb, Hyperinflation, pp. 54, 104; Eichengreen, Golden Fetters, pp. 129f. Ср. Maier, Truth about the Treaties, pp. 56–67.
Webb, Hyperinflation, p. 107.
Подробности см. в Ferguson, Balance of Payments Question.
PRO CAB 37/141/15, Granville to Grey, 14 Sept. 1915; PRO CAB 37/141/15, Bertie to Grey, 15 Jan. 1916. См. также PRO CAB 37/141/15, Sir John Pilter [Hon. Pres. of British Chamber of Commerce, Paris]: An after the war scheme for a customs union, 1 Sept. 1915.
PRO BT 55/1 (ACCI 5), British trade after the war: report of a subcommittee of the advisory committee to the Board of Trade on commercial intelligence with respect to measures for securing the position, after the war, of certain branches of British industry, 28 Jan. 1916. См. также PRO BT 55/32 (FFT 2), Financial Facilities for Trade Committee: notes on post-bellum trade policy, with special reference to the penalization of German trade, undated, 1916; PRO RECO 1/356, Ministry of Blockade memorandum on “trade war”, 27 June 1917.
Bunselmeyer, Cost of the War, pp. 39–43.
PRO RECO 1/260, Final Report of the committee on commercial and industrial policy after the war [Balfour of Burleigh committee], 3 Dec. 1917.
Balderston, German Economic Crisis, pp. 82ff.
Schuker, American “Reparations” to Germany.
По данным из Bresciani-Turroni, Economics of Inflation, pp. 194, 235; Wagenführ, Die Industriewirtschaft, p. 26.
F. Graham, Exchange, pp. 214–238, 261.
Ferguson, Paper and Iron, pp. 325ff.
Информацию по структуре торговли см. в Hentschel, Zahlen und Anmerkungen, p. 96; Laursen and Pedersen, German Inflation, pp. 99–107; Bresciani-Turroni, Economics of Inflation, p. 194.
Feldman, Great Disorder, pp. 484f.
Bresciani-Turroni, Economics of Inflation, pp. 83–92, 100–154.
Holtfrerich, German Inflation, pp. 213f.
Ibid., pp. 206–220. По оценке Хольтфрериха, если бы Германия вела дефляционную политику, импорт из США сократился бы на 60 %, а из Британии — на 44 %.
Это предсказывал социалист Рудольф Гильфердинг: “С увеличением выпуска [банкнот] торговый баланс неизбежно становится пассивным. Фактически это стимулирует рост внутренних цен, что, в свою очередь, стимулирует импорт и сдерживает экспорт”; Bresciani-Turroni, Economics of Inflation, p. 44n; Maier, Recasting Bourgeois Europe, p. 251.
См. оценки в Bresciani-Turroni, Economics of Inflation, pp. 437f; F. Graham, Exchange, pp. 44f.; Holtfrerich, German Inflation, p. 148.
Рассчитано на основании данных из Webb, Hyperinflation, p. 37; Witt, Finanzpolitik und sozialer Wandel im Krieg, pp. 425f.
Feldman, Great Disorder, pp. 214–239.
Bessel, Germany, pp. 73, 79.
Paddags, Weimar Inflation, pp. 20–24. См. также Bresciani-Turroni, Economics of Inflation, p. 71n; Webb, Hyperinflation, pp. 33, 37.
Paddags, Weimar Inflation, p. 38.
Данные см. в Deutschlands Wirtschaft, Währung und Finanzen, pp. 107–110.
См. Ferguson, Paper and Iron, pp. 280ff.
PRO RECO 1/775, Addison paper, Reconstruction finance, 10 Feb. 1918.
Рассчитано на основании данных из Hoffmann, Grumbach и Hesse, Wachstum, pp. 789f; Mitchell and Deane, British Historical Statistics, pp. 401f.
Feldman, Great Disorder, pp. 46f, 816–819.
Keynes, Tract on Monetary Reform, pp. 3, 29, 36.
Graham F., Exchange, особенно pp. 321, 324.
Laursen и Pedersen, German Inflation, pp. 95–98, 124ff.
Graham, Exchange, pp. 278f, 317f; Laursen и Pedersen, German Inflation, pp. 77, 123.
Graham, Exchange, pp. 289; 318–321.
См., напр., Henning, Das industrialisierte Deutschland, pp. 63–83.
McKibbin, Class and Conventional Wisdom, pp. 259–248.
Holtfrerich, German Inflation, pp. 227–262.
Maier, Recasting Bourgeois Europe, pp. 114, 228–231.
Holtfrerich, German Inflation, pp. 265–278.
Haller, Rolle der Staatsfinanzen, p. 151.
Ferguson, Paper and Iron, p. 8. Ср. Feldman, Great Disorder, pp. 447ff.
James H., German Slump, p. 42.
Ferguson, Paper and Iron, p. 8.
Ibid.
Ibid., pp. 8f.
Ibid., p. 9.
Feldman, Great Disorder, pp. 249, 253.
Bresciani-Turroni, Economics of Inflation, pp. 183, 215, 261f, 275, 286, 314f, 330ff, 404.