28. Kerensky, op. cit. , pp. 450--451.
29. Ibid. , pp. 479--480.
30. Ibid. , pp. 492, 500--501, 506--507.
31. Webb, op. cit. , pp. 536--537.
32. Jane Burbank, Intelligentsia and Revolution: Russian Views of Bolshevism, 1917--1922 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 13, 36, 42, 44.
33. Grey, op. cit. , p. 105.
34. Ibid. , pp. 106--109.
35. Ibid. , pp. 115--117.
36. Ibid. , pp. 121--127.
37. McNeal, op. cit. , p. 157.
38. Grey, op. cit. , pp. 128--129.
39. Ibid. , pp. 129--130.
40. Ibid. , p. 131.
41. Ibid. , pp. 132--133.
42. Ibid. , pp. 135--136.
43. Ibid. , p. 139.
44. Leon Trotsky, Stalin: An appraisal of the man and his influence (New York: Harper & Brother Publishers, 1941), p. 333.
45. McNeal, op. cit. , p. 63.
46. V. I. Lenin, The Trade Unions, the Present Situation, and Trotsky»s Mistakes (30 December 1920). Collected Works (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1960--1970), vol. 32, pp. 19--42.
47. Grey, op. cit. , p. 151.
48. Lenin, Closing Speech on the Political Report of the Central Committee of the R.C.P.(B.). (28 March 1922). Works, vol. 33, p. 315.
49. Grey, p. 159.
50. Ibid. , p. 171.
51. Ibid. , p. 172.
52. Ibid. , p. 173.
53. Trotsky, Stalin, p. 374.
54. Henri Bernard, Le communisme et l»aveuglement occidental (Soumagne, Belgium: Editions Andre Grisard, 1982), p. 48.
55. Quoted in Stalin, The Trotskyist Opposition Before and Now. Works (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1954), pp. 179--180. Stalin»s emphasis.
56. Trotsky, My Life, p. 469.
57. Lenin, Letter to the Congress. Works, vol. 36, pp. 593--594.
58. Ibid. , pp. 594--595.
59. Trotsky, My Life, p. 506.
60. Ibid. , pp. 479--480.
61. Grey, op. cit. , p. 176.
62. Fotieva, Souvenirs sur Lenine (Moscow: Editions Moscou, n.d.), pp. 152--153.
63. Lenin, Letter to the Congress, p. 596.
64. Fotieva, op. cit. , pp. 173--174.
65. Trotsky, Stalin, p. 374.
66. Grey, op. cit. , p. 179.
67. Ibid. .
68. Fotieva, op. cit. , p. 175.
69. Trostky, Stalin, p. 375.
70. Stalin, The Trotskyist Opposition Before and Now, p. 178.
71. Ibid. , pp. 180--181.
72. Trotsky, Stalin, p. 372.
73. Ibid. , p. 376.
74. Ibid. , p. 381.
75. Ibid. , p. 376.
76. Ibid.
77. Ibid. , p. 377.
78. Bernard, op. cit. , p. 53.
79. Ibid. , p. 381.
Глава 2
1. Lenin, Our Foreign and Domestic Position and the Tasks of the Party. Works, vol. 31, p. 419.
2. Ibid. , p. 420.
3. Lenin, On Co-operation II. Works, vol. 33, pp. 472--475.
4. Lenin, On Co-operation I. Works, vol. 33, p. 468.
5. Lenin, Speech at a Plenary Session of the Moscow Soviet. Works, vol. 33, p. 437.
6. Ibid. , p. 443.
7. Leon Trotsky, Results and Prospects. The Permanent Revolution & Results and Prospects (New York: Pathfinder Press, 1969), p. 35.
8. Ibid. , pp. 76--77.
9. Ibid. , pp. 104--105.
10. Ibid. , p. 115.
11. Ibid. , p. 108.
12. Quoted in Stalin, The October Revolution and the Tactics of the Russian Communists. Leninism: Selected Writings (New York: International Publishers, 1942), p. 15. Stalin»s emphasis.
13. Trotsky, Postscript 1922, What is A Peace Programme? (Columbo, Ceylon: Lanka Samasamaja, 1956), pp. 20-21. Also partially quoted in Stalin, The October Revolution, p. 21.
14. Trotsky, Nos taches politiques (Paris: Pierre Belfond, 1970), pp. 39--41, 128, 159, 195, 198, 204.
15. Ibid. , pp. 97, 170.
16. Ibid. , p. 160.
17. Ibid. , p. 103.
18. Ibid. , p. 128.
19. Leon Trotsky, The New Course. The Challenge of the Left Opposition (1923--1925) (New York: Pathfinder Press, 1975), pp. 71, 128.
20. Trotsky, Nos taches, pp. 140--141.
21. Trotsky, The New Course, p. 71.
22. Trotsky, Nos taches, pp. 192, 195, 204.
23. Trotsky, The New Course, p. 72.
24. Trotsky, Nos taches, p. 190.
25. Trotsky, The New Course, pp. 126--127.
Глава 3
1. Stalin, The Tasks of Business Executives. Leninism, p. 200.
2. Hiroaki Kuromiya, Stalin»s Industrial Revolution: Politics and Workers, 1928--1932 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 115, 319.
3. Ibid. , p. 290.
4. Ibid. , p. 306.
5. Anna Louise Strong, The Stalin Era (Publisher unknown, 1956), p. 33.
6. Webb, op. cit. , p. 810.
7. Ibid. , pp. 810--811.
8. Strong, op. cit. , pp. 28--29.
9. Kuromiya, op. cit. , p. 145.
10. John Scott, Behind the Urals: An American Worker in Russia»s city of steel, enlarged edition (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press), pp. 256--257.
11. Kuromiya, op. cit. , pp. 305--306.
12. Ibid. , p. 316.
13. Scott, op. cit. , pp. 175--180.
14. Ibid. , pp. 195--196.
15. Ibid. , pp. 253--254.
16. Kuromiya, op. cit. , p. 287.
17. Lenin, Our Foreign and Domestic Position and the Tasks of the Party. Works, vol. 31, p. 419.
18. L»Office central de statistique pres le Conseil des ministres de l»U.R.S.S. Les Progres du pouvoir sovietique depuis 40 ans en chiffres: Recueil statistique (Moscow: Editions en langues etrangeres, 1958), p. 75.
19. Ibid. , p. 26.
20. Ibid. , p. 30.
21. Kuromiya, op. cit. , pp. 304--305.
22. Progres, op. cit. , p. 26.
23. Ibid. , p. 31.
Глава 4
1. R. W. Davies, The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia I: The Socialist Offensive; The Collectivisation of Soviet Agriculture, 1929--1930 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1980), pp. 4--5.
2. Ibid. , pp. 16--18.
3. Lynne Viola, The Best Sons of the Fatherland: Workers in the Vanguard of Soviet Collectivisation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), p. 22.
4. Ibid. , p. 13.
5. Davies, op. cit. , p. 51.
6. Ibid. , p. 54.
7. Ibid. , p. 52.
8. Ibid. , p. 53.
9. Viola, op. cit. , pp. 19, 22.
10. Emile Joseph Dillon, quoted in Webb, op. cit. , p. 809.
11. Ibid. , pp. 808--809.
12. Jean Elleinstein, Le socialisme dans un seul pays (Paris: Editions Sociales, 1973), vol. 2, pp. 67--69. Davies, opcit, pp. 9, 171.
13. Davies, op. cit. , pp. 25--26.
14. Ibid. , p. 17.
15. Stalin, On the Grain Front. Leninism, p. 59.
16. Davies, op. cit. , p. 27.
17. Stalin, Problems of Agrarian Policy in the U.S.S.R. Leninism, p. 155.
18. Davies, op. cit. , pp. 29--30.
19. Ibid. , pp. 31, 419.
20. Ibid. , p. 32.
21. Ibid. , p. 33.
22. Ibid. , p. 34.
23. Ibid. , p. 41.
24. Ibid. , p. 38.
25. Webb, op. cit. , p. 245, n. 1.
26. Davies, op. cit. , pp. 46, 49--50. Nicolai Boukharine, uvres choisies en un volume (Moscow: Editions du Progres, 1988), p. 424.
27. G. Bourdiougov and V. Kozlov, Episodes d»une biographie politique. Introduction to Boukharine, op. cit. , p. 15.
28. Ibid. , p. 16.
29. Stalin, The Right Danger. Leninism, p. 79.
30. Davies, op. cit. , p. 47.
31. Stalin, The Right Danger, pp. 95, 99.
32. Bourdiougov and Kozlov, op. cit. , pp. 26--27.
33. Stepniak, quoted in Webb, op. cit. , pp. 563--564.
34. Dillon, quoted in Webb, op. cit. , p. 565.
35. Davies, op. cit. , p. 109.
36. Viola, op. cit. , p. 27.
37. Stalin, Problems of Agrarian Policy in the U.S.S.R., p. 163.
38. Ibid. , pp. 145, 163.
39. Davies, op. cit. , p. 112.
40. Ibid. , p. 121.
41. Ibid.
42. Viola, op. cit. , p. 91.
43. Ibid. , pp. 93--94.
44. Davies, op. cit. , p. 218.
45. Ibid. , p. xx.
46. Ibid. , p. 173.
47. Ibid. , p. 274.
48. Ibid. , p. 160.
49. Viola, op. cit. , pp. 215--216.
50. Ibid. , p. 216.
51. Ibid. , p. 215.
52. Ibid. , p. 29.
53. Davies, op. cit. , p. 226.
54. Viola, op. cit. , p. 29.
55. Davies, op. cit. , pp. 225--226.
56. Ibid. , p. 205.
57. Ibid. , p. 206.
58. Ibid. , pp. 206--207.
59. Viola, op. cit. , p. 211.
60. Ibid. , p. 103.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid. , p. 109.
63. Ibid. , p. 141.
64. Ibid. , p. 135.
65. Ibid. , p. 154.
66. Ibid. , p. 172.
67. Ibid. , p. 216.
68. Davies, op. cit. , pp. 152--153.
69. Ibid. , p. 154.
70. Ibid. , p. 155.
71. Ibid. , pp. 161--162.
72. Ibid.
73. Ibid. , p. 165.
74. Robert H. McNeal, editor, Resolutions and decisions of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Volume 3, The Stalin Years: 1929--1953 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1974), p. 23.
75. Ibid. , p. 29.
76. Ibid. , p. 27.
77. Ibid. , p. 25.
78. Ibid. , p. 29.
79. Ibid.
80. Ibid.
81. Ibid. , pp. 30--31.
82. Ibid. , p. 34.
83. Ibid. , p. 28.
84. Ibid. , p. 37.
85. Ibid. , pp. 40--43.
86. Ibid. , pp. 40--41.
87. Ibid. , p. 42.
88. Ibid. , p. 41.
89. Ibid. , p. 42.
90. Ibid. , p. 43.
91. Davies, op. cit. , p. 62.
92. Viola, op. cit. , p. 154.
93. Viola, op. cit. , p. 154. Davies, op. cit. , pp. 212--213.
94. Davies, op. cit. , p. 221.
95. Ibid. , pp. 138--139.
96. Ibid. , p. 140.
97. Ibid. , pp. 140--141.
98. Ibid. , p. 144.
99. Ibid. , p. 145.
100. Ibid. , p. 183.
101. Ibid. , p. 184.
102. McNeal, op. cit. , pp. 41--42.
103. Charles Bettelheim. L»economie sovietique (Paris: Editions Recueil Sirey, 1950), p. 87.
104. Davies, op. cit. , p. 228.
105. Ibid. , pp. 232--233.
106. Ibid. , p. 231.
107. Ibid. , p. 233.
108. Ibid. , pp. 235--236.
109. Ibid. , p. 228.
110. Ibid. , pp. 258--259.
111. Ibid. , pp. 247--248.
112. Karl Kautsky, Bolshevism at a Deadlock (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1931), pp. 97--98.
113. Ibid. , p. 150.
114. Ibid. , pp. 139--140.
115. Ibid. , p. 124.
116. Ibid. , p. 173.
117. Davies, op. cit. , pp. 262--263, 442.
118. Ibid. , p. 239.
119. Ibid. , p. 240.
120. Ibid. , p. 265.
121. Ibid. , p. 264.
122. Stalin, Dizzy with Success: Problems of the Collective Farm Movement. Leninism, p. 170.
123. Ibid. , p. 171.
124. Ibid. , pp. 171--172.
125. Ibid. , p. 172.
126. Davies, op. cit. , p. 273.
127. Ibid. , pp. 280--281.
128. Ibid. , p. 271.
129. Viola, op. cit. , p. 116.
130. Stalin, Dizzy with Success, p. 169.
131. Davies, op. cit. , p. 281.
132. Ibid. , p. 276.
133. Ibid. , p. 280.
134. Ibid. , pp. 319--320.
135. Ibid. , p. 300.
136. Ibid. , p. 375.
137. Ibid. , pp. 322--323.
138. Ibid. , pp. 325--327.
139. Ibid. , pp. 327--328.
140. Ibid. , pp. 335--336.
141. Ibid. , pp. 442--443, Table 17.
142. Ibid. , pp. 285--286, 288.
143. Ibid. , p. 251.
144. Ibid. , p. 419.
145. Ibid. , pp. 337--339.
146. Ibid. , pp. 360--361.
147. Ibid. , pp. 369--370.
148. Ibid. , p. 369.
149. Ibid. , p. 371.
150. Ibid. , p. 358.
151. Ibid. , pp. 378--379.
152. Ibid. , p. 380.
153. Ibid. , pp. 441--442.
154. Bettelheim, op. cit. , p. 66.
155. R. W. Davies, The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia II: The Soviet Collective Farm, 1929--1930 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1980), pp. 13--14.
156. Bettelheim, op. cit. , p. 73.
157. Davies, op. cit. , p. 15.
158. Ibid. , pp. 20--21.
159. Ibid. , pp. 25, 27.
160. Ibid. , pp. 16--18.
161. Ibid. , p. 28--29.
162. Ibid. , pp. 29, 32.
163. Bettelheim, op. cit. , pp. 102, 112.
164. Ibid. , pp. 61--65.
165. Ibid. , pp. 67--68.
166. Ibid. , pp. 76--78.
167. Progres, op. cit. , p. 142.
168. Bettelheim, op. cit. , p. 74.
169. Ibid.
170. Ibid. , p. 82.
171. Ibid. , p. 89.
172. Ibid. , p. 93.
173. Ibid. , p. 113, n. 1.
174. Ibid. , p. 83, 90.
175. Ibid. , p. 85.
176. Ibid. , pp. 113--114.
177. Zinoviev, op. cit. , p. 53.
178. Ibid. , p. 56.
179. Ibid. , p. 236.
180. Stefan Merl, ,,Ausrottung«« der Bourgeoisie und der Kulaken in Sowjetruss land? Geschichte und Gesellschaft 13 (1987), p. 368.
181. Ibid. , p. 376.
182. Merl, op. cit. , p. 377.
183. Ibid.
184. Robert Conquest, The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivisation and the Terror-Famine (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 306. Stefan Merl, Wie viele Opfer forderte die ,,Liquidierung der Kulaken als Klasse««? Geschichte und Gesellschaft 14 (1988), p. 534.
185. Ibid. , p. 535.
186. Ibid. , p. 537.
187. Nicolas Werth, «Goulag: les vrais chiffres». L»Histoire 169 (September 1993), pp. 38--51. More details can be found in J. Arch Getty, Gabor T. Rittersporn and Viktor N. Zemskov. Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-war Years: A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence. The America Historical Review, October 1993, pp. 1017--1049.
188. Werth, op. cit. , p. 44.
189. Conquest, op. cit. , p. 306.
190. Time, 18 October 1993, European edition, p. 50. Translated from the French translation.
Глава 5
1. Douglas Tottle, Fraud, Famine and Fascism: The Ukrainian Genocide Myth from Hitler to Harvard (Toronto: Progress Books, 1987), pp. 5--6.
2. The Nation 140 (36), 13 March 1935, quoted in Tottle, op. cit. , p. 8.
3. Tottle, op. cit. , p. 9.
4. James Casey, Daily Worker, 21 February 1935, quoted in Tottle, op. cit. , p. 9.
5. Tottle, op. cit. , pp. 13, 15.
6. Ibid. , pp. 19--21.
7. Ibid. , pp. 23--24.
8. Ibid. , p. 25.
9. Ibid. , pp. 4--31.
10. Ibid. , pp. 38--44.
11. Ibid. , p. 41.
12. New York Times, quoted in Tottle, op. cit. , p. 50.
13. Tottle, op. cit. , p. 51.
14. Ibid. , p. 61.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid. , pp. 69--71.
